How to win the war? - the strategic plans for victory (part one).
The second Schlieffen's plan of 1905.
The second Schlieffen's plan of 1905.
was a German filed marshal and strategist who served as Chief
of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906.
In 1905 Schlieffen got the conclusion that
it would be very hard, if not impossible at all, to defeat the French army with
the frontal attack heading west. One of the reasons was that the main French
army was protected by the fortification line, even if the German forces would
split in two strong formations (according to his first plan from 1900).
Schlieffen has found the solution – the
northern part of the French army must be surrounded and broken. And the way to
do it is to move the huge German formation to the north, across Belgium. The key factor was that this formation had to
be strong enough to defeat the northern part of the French army at any
circumstances. No matter where the French armies would be, no matter how long
it could take to march throughout Belgium and how many reinforcements could be
sent to the north. According to this task, that formation cannot be shaped as a
spear, it had to be like a roller.
The Schlieffen plan from 1905 and Moltke's plan from 1914.
(from Wilhelm Groener's Schlieffen Plan).
Another question was how strong such
formation should be, how many troops are necessary to achieve the expected
results. Schlieffen was not sure at the beginning but later the decision was
made. 7/8 of the whole German forces were expected to be used at the western
front, while only 1/8 was left to protect the eastern border. Such decision was
not easy – the enemy on the east was the Russian Empire, with more than hundred
million people. There was an ally, Austro-Hungary, that would support Germany
on the eastern front, but was the Austro-Hungarian army strong enough to last
out the Russian attack? This was not an easy question, but Schlieffen’s
reasoning was cold and logical.
First of all, the Russian mobilization will
not be as quick as German and Austro-Hungarian one. The estimation was that it
would be finished when Belgium would be already defeated and German forces
would be fighting with the main French forces already. Secondly, even if the
Russians would be ready to start their offensive, the road to Berlin would be
not quick and easy. They cannot go directly to Berlin as there are two flanks
with the concentration of German and Austro-Hungarian troops: Eastern Prussia
and Galicia. If they would be left there, they could attack the main Russian
forces from the flank anytime and bring the advance to the halt. And last, but
not least – even if the Russians somehow manage to solve the above mentioned
problems, they still have to defeat the Austro-Hungarian armies in Carpathian
and occupy the East Prussia. Only then they could go forward to Berlin. All of those tasks are not impossible for the
Russians, but they require time – a long time, according to the poor railway
system on the east.
Schlieffen’s logic had won here – he has
considered all “pros” and “cons” and had decided that it was worth the risk.
There was only one more question – the possible protest of Austro-Hungary on
leaving them almost alone. But Schlieffen had the answer – “the fate of Austria
will be decided at Seine, not Vistula”.
Now it was the right time to think about
the details of that plan. The first question was the neutrality of Belgium and
Luxemburg, but it wasn’t a real problem. The real trouble was that Schlieffen
really needed all the possible forces to be a northern part of this roller.
This meant the area of southern Germany, from Metz to the Swiss border, was
protected only by five corps.
What if the French forces will start their
advance immediately? What if they break the weak defense here and advance to
the Bayern, or to Berlin? What if they turn north, cutting off the German
roller from the supply lines? How strong Schlieffen was to be able to answer
all those questions: ”No, I can still
manage this. Nothing can be moved from the main northern forces to make the
defense of southern Germany stronger.” And he knew that if any of the French
forces would advance on the south, it automatically would make the northern
flank much weaker – this was exactly what he expected. On the other hand, he
was sure that at the moment he moved his armies across Belgium, all French
forces would move to the north, being ready to stop the advance of the German
roller. This meant there would not be any French offensive on the southern
flank.
The reality in 1914 was exactly according
to his foreseeing. The French pressure on the south weakened shortly, as all
the possible troops were moved to the north to stop German advance.
This is the main reason between Schlieffen
and Moltke. Schlieffen himself was strong enough to fight for keeping all the
conditions of his plan without any changes. His logical minds had calculated
all the possible risks and draw the conclusions. Sometimes it seemed that the
plan couldn’t work, but he was able to resist the temptation of moving the
forces from the north to other, not so important, places: southern Germany or
protection of the supply lines. The German roller had to be powerful, quickly
advancing and it had to defeat the French army no matter how strong it would be
in defense.
also known as "Moltke the Younger"
The
numbers shows it clearly – Schlieffen’s main forces were the equivalent of more
than 50 corps. Moltke has only 33 of them and during the war made his forces
even weaker, by moving two corps from the western front to East Prussia, just
before the Battle of the Marne. The forces Moltke has left on the south, to
protect German borders, were two times bigger than the forces Schlieffen
designed for the same task. Only 2/8 of the whole German army was left for all
defensive tasks on all fronts, 6/8 of the German army was concentrated from
Metz to Aachen and ready to defeat France.
Schlieffen’s second plan is the best
example of the military plan with clear idea, one main task, and concentration
of all the forces to achieve that goal. This doesn’t mean that Schlieffen’s
plan, if not altered by Moltke, was the guarantee to win the war – but the
first months of the Great War could be completely different if the plan would
stay in its previous shape.
There is only one question – how Schlieffen
wanted to create such amazing forces. More than 65 corps in total was the force
that Germany couldn’t mobilize at this time. But this is another story…
(JD)
(JD)
